Effectiveness of Motivational Programme on Knowledge regarding Brest Self Examination among Self Help Groups in selected area in Mangalore

 

Jacintha Jyothi Dsouza1, Supreetha K.2

1Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing,

Masood College of Nursing, Mangaluru.

2Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Masood College of Nursing, Mangaluru.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: jacinthadsouza22@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

Every year we celebrate the women's day. Inspiring the women of today to stride ached in life. In India, women are becoming more aware of their health status as a result of modern education, electronic, print media and health agencies. While women have made progress in most of the field but still, she tends to neglect her own health. Though in the present age women are aware of their problems, the readiness to seek help from health personal is hindered by economic constraints, social stigma and rigid superstitious beliefs regarding health problems. Hence it is necessary to provide information to women regarding their health problems through in the available community resources. Breast cancer is one of the commonest causes of death in many developed countries in the middle age women and is becoming frequent in the developing countries too. Screening for early detection and diagnosis of diseases and health condition in an important public health need. Breast self- examination (BSE) is a process where by women examine their breasts regularly to detect any abnormal swelling or lumps in order to seek promote medical attention. Breast self -examination (BSE) is a safe, effective easy, private and an economical screening method involves no cost or require any specific equipment in the early detection of breast cancer. Women aged 20 years and older are recommended to perform BSE. Prevention or identification of breast cancer at an early stage is very importance in saving lives as well as improving the quality of life. Prevention is better than cure. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured motivational programme on knowledge regarding Breast self-examination among women. The research design used in the study was pre – experimental one group pre-test post-test and non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to draw sample. The data was collected from 43 women using the structured knowledge questionnaire and motivational programme regarding BSE was conducted and post-test was administered after 7days using the same structured knowledge questionnaire to find out the effectiveness of motivational programme. The results revealed that the overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 27.1% and 63.1% respectively. The statistical paired ‘t’ test (t= 20.24) was greater than the table value at 0.05 level of significance which shows that there is significance difference between the pre-test and post-test level of knowledge. There is no significant association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables such as age, religion, educational status, occupation, location, marital status, income and previous information and examination of the breast.

 

KEYWORDS: Effectiveness, Structured motivational programme, Breast self examination.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

A breast self-exam is an early detection tool that uses a combination of physical and visual examinations of the breasts to check for signs and symptoms of breast cancer. The purpose of a breast self-exam is to become familiar with the way your breasts normally look and feel. Knowing how your breasts normally look and feel, also called breast self-awareness, will help you identify any changes or abnormalities in your breasts, such as a new lump or skin changes. Any changes in your breasts discovered during a breast self-exam should be reported to your healthcare provider right away.1 Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among female populations and is responsible for the second-highest number of cancer-related deaths in American women. The need for early detection has manifest several screening initiatives intent on curtailing morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Breast Self-Examination was initially proposed as an intuitive, inexpensive, non-invasive, and universally accessible means of promptly identifying early-stage breast neoplasms.2 Breast cancer represents 1in 4 cancers diagnosed among women globally.3 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is marking Breast Cancer Awareness Month by focusing on the need for breast cancer screening worldwide and the intergenerational effects of breast cancer deaths. In 2020, female breast cancer became the most commonly diagnosed cancer type globally: about 2.26 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 685 000 women died from the disease.4 Breast self-exam (BSE) is a step-by-step approach a woman can use to look at and feel her breasts to check for anything abnormal.5

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured motivational program on knowledge regarding breast self -examination among self-help groups in selected area in Mangalore.

 

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of the study are to

1.     To assess the pre-test level of knowledge score regarding breast self- examination among self- help groups.

2.     The evaluate the effectiveness of structured motivational program regarding breast examination among self- help groups.

3.     To find out the association between knowledge regarding breast self -examination among self- help group with their selected demographic variables.

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1:   There will be significant difference between knowledge score regarding breast self- examination among self- help groups.

H2:   There will be significant association between knowledge score regarding breast self-examination among self- help groups with their selected demographic variables.

H3:     There will be significant association between post-test level of knowledge regarding breast self-examination among self- help groups with their selected demographic variables.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Research approach: The researcher utilized experimental research approach

Research design: In this study, pre-experimental, one group pre-test and post-test design was adapted.

Research setting: The setting for the study was self-help women groups, Mangaluru.

Population: In this study, population consists of self-help group women, Mangaluru.

Sample: The sample would comprise of 43 women of self-help women groups, Mangaluru.

Sampling technique: The samples were selected by using Convenient sampling techniques.

Description of the final tools: The tool used in the study consists of 2 parts

Part 1:  Socio Demographic proforma

Part 2: Structured knowledge questionnaire

 

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:

The data were analysed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics

·       Organization of ungrouped data into grouped data.

·       Frequencies and percentages were used for analysis of socio-demographic characteristics.

·       Calculation of mean, standard deviation of pre and post-test scores.

·       Paired ‘t’ test was used to ascertain whether there is significant difference in the mean knowledge score of pre-test and post-test values.

·       Chi- square test was used to find the association between socio-demographic variables with pre-test knowledge scores.

 

RESULTS:

Section I: Description of sample characteristics:

In the present study, out of 45 sample total 43 women participated. (53.5%) respondents belong to the age group of 20-29 years. Majority (72.1%) respondents were Hindu. Highest percentage (31 %) respondents had primary education. Majority 76.7% respondents were married. Majority 55.8% belongs to nuclear family. majority 67.4% were residing in rural area. Majority 76.7% respondents had monthly income of less than 20000Rs. Majority 39.5% magazines was the source of information. Majority 34(79.1%) respondents had no information about BSE. Majority 39(90.7%) respondents were not doing BSE.

 

Section II: Over All Aspect Wise Knowledge Scores of Respondents:

Table 1: Distribution of samples according to pre-test knowledge score    n=43

S. No

Level of knowledge 

Frequency (f)

Percentage (%)

1

Inadequate

37

86

2

Moderately adequate

6

14

3

Adequate

0

0

 

The above Table shows that majority 37 (86%) of the respondents had inadequate knowledge and 6 (14%) of respondents had moderate knowledge on BSE

 

Table 2: Overall and area-wise pre-test mean, SD and mean percentage value of the samples                     n=43

Sl.

no

Area

Max possible score

Mean± SD

Mean

%

1

Anatomy and physiology of breast

3

1.05± 0.95

34.88

2

Definition of breast cancer

1

0.33±0.47

32.56

3

Diagnosis and evaluation

7

1.53±1.10

21.93

4

Definition of BSE

3

0.93±0.77

31.01

5.

Steps of BSE

16

4.30±1.79

26.89

Overall

30

8.14± 2.63

27.13

 

The data in table 2 shows that in the highest knowledge was in the area anatomy and physiology of breast, the main percentage was 34.88 with a mean and standard deviation of 1.05±0.95 and lowest was in the area of diagnosis and evaluation, the mean percentage was 21.93 with mean and standard deviation of 1.53±1.10. In the area related definition of breast cancer, the pre-test mean percentage was 32.56 and the mean, SD was 0.33±0.47. The area definition of breast self-examination, the pre-test mean percentage was 31.01 and mean SD was 0.93 +0.77. The area related steps of breast self-examination, the pre-test percentage was 26.89 and mean, SD was 4.30±1.7.the overall mean percentage was 27.13, with mean and standard deviation 8.14±2.63.

 

 

Table 3: Distribution of samples according to the pre-test & post-test knowledge score             n=43

Sl.

No

Pre-test

Post-test

Level of knowledge

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

1

Inadequate

37

86.0

1

2.3

2

Moderately adequate

6

14.0

27

62.8

3

Adequate

0

0

15

34.9

 

 

The data in table 3 shows that the in pre-test, majority of the samples 37(86%) had inadequate, 6(14%) had moderately adequate and only no 0ne had adequate level of knowledge regarding BSE whereas in post-test majority of the samples 27(62.8%) had moderately adequate, 15(34.9%) had adequate knowledge and one had inadequate level of knowledge regarding BSE.

 

 

Table 4: Overall Mean, SD, Mean percentage and ‘t’ value showing the difference between mean pre-test and post-test level of knowledge n=43

Period of observation

Mean

Standard deviation

Mean percentage

‘t’
value

Pre-test

8.14

2.633

27.1

20.24*

Post-test

18.93

3.6

63.1

T42 =2.00, p<0.05                                     * significant

 

Data in table 4 shows that mean percentage of pre -test was 27.1 with mean and SD 8.14±2.633, which is lower than the mean percentage of post-test 63.1 with mean and SD 18.93±3.699. the calculated ‘t’value and <t42=20.24> was greater than the table value <t42=2.001> at 0.05 level of significance which shows that there is significant difference between pretest and post-test level of knowledge hence null hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis is accepted. This shows that structural motivational programme was effective.

 

 

Table 5: Area-wise mean, mean percentage, SD and ‘t’ value showing the difference between the mean pre-test and post-test level of knowledge       n=43

Sl.

No

Area

Max Score

Pretest

Post test

t value

Mean± SD

Mean

%

Mean± SD

Mean

%

1

Anatomy and physiology of breast

3

1.05± 0.95

34.88

1.21±

0.77

40.31

0.83

2

Definition of breast cancer

1

0.33±

0.47

32.56

0.56±

0.50

55.81

2.12

3

Diagnosis and evaluation

7

1.53±

1.1

21.93

4.49±

1.33

64.12

10.25

4

Definition of BSE

3

0.93±

0.77

31.01

1.91±

0.78

63.57

6.83

5

Steps of BSE

16

4.30±

1.79

26.89

10.77±

1.91

67.30

18.41

T42=2.00 p<0.05                                                                  *significant

 

Data in table 5 shows that in pre-test maximum knowledge was in the area of anatomy and physiology of breast, mean percentage was 34.8 with mean and standard deviation 1.05±0.95 whereas in post test, mean percentage was 40.31with mean and standard deviation of 1.21±0.77. in pretest knowledge, in the area of definition of breast cancer the mean percentage was32.56 with mean an SD of 0.33±0.47 where as in the post-test, mean percentage was 55.81 with mean and SD of 6.56±6.50. In pretest knowledge in the area of definition of breast self-examination the mean percentage was 31.01 with mean and SD of 0.93±0.77 where as in post-test, mean percentage was 63.57 with mean and SD OF 1.91±0.78.  In pretest knowledge, in the area of steps of BSE the mean percentage was 26.89 with mean and SD OF 4.30±1.79 where in the post test mean percentage was 67.30 with mean and SD 10.77±1.91. In pretest knowledge in the area of diagnosis and evaluation the mean percentage was 21.93 with mean and SD of 1.53±1.10 where in post-test mean percentage was 64.12 with mean and SD of 4.49±1.33. The calculated value in the area is higher than the table value at 0.05 level of significance, it implies that there is significance difference between pretest and post test knowledge in the area like definition of breast cancer, diagnosis and evaluation, definition of BSE, steps of performing BSE. Hence null hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis is accepted. This shows that structured motivational programme was effective in improving the knowledge among women regarding BSE.

 

Section IV: Association between the pre-test level of knowledge and selected demographic variables

 

Table 6: Association between pre-test level of knowledge and demographic variables n=43

Sl.

No

Demographic variables

Median

≤8

>8

χ2

df

level of significance

1

Age in years

a) 20 -29

b) 30-39

c) 40-49

d) >50

 

9

5

1

1

 

14

10

1

2

 

 

0.078

 

p< 0.05

S

2

Religion

a) Hindu

b) Muslim

b) Christian

 c) Others

 

10

6

0

0

 

21

3

2

1

 

1.166

 

 

p>0.05

NS

 

3

Family 

a) nuclear

b) joint

 

8

8

 

16

11

 

0.349

 

 

p>0.05

NS

 4

Educational qualification

a) school

b) Puc

c) High school

d) graduation

 

12

2

1

1

 

19

4

3

1

0.000

 

p >0.05

NS

5

Location

a) rural

b) urban

 

12

4

 

17

10

 

0.228

 

 

p>0.05 NS

6

Marital status

a) married

b) unmarried

c) widowed

d) separated

 

11

3

0

2

 

22

1

1

3

 

0.912

 

 

 

p >0.05

NS

7

Income

a) <20000

b) 20000-30000

c) >30000

 

12

2

2

 

21

4

1

 

0.000

 

 

p >0.05

NS

8

Information

a)      Yes

b)     No

 

2

14

 

7

20

 

0.433

 

 

p>0.05NS

9.

Source

a)      Newspaper

b)     Magazines

c)      Peer groups

d)     others

 

1

5

4

6

 

1

12

4

10

 

0.131

 

 

 

p >0.05

NS

10

Examination

a) yes

b) no

 

1

15

 

3

24

 

0.000

 

 

p>0.05

NS

 

The above data reveals that there is significant association between pretest level of knowledge with their selected demographical variable. in the demographic variables like age, religion, education, family, location, marital status, income, information, examine the breast there is no significant association between them and the pre-test level of knowledge. Hence null hypothesis is accepted and research hypothesis is rejected in this area.

 

DISCUSSION:

The results of the present study confirmed that there was a considerable improvement of knowledge after the administration of motivational programme on BSE and it is also statistically established as significant at 0.05 level. The study revealed that overall mean percentage of pre-test was 27.1 with mean and SD 8.14±2.633, which is lower than the mean percentage of the post-test36.1with mean and SD 18.93±3.699. the calculated t value (t42=20.24) was greater than the table value (t42=2.001) at 0.05level of significance which shows that there is significant difference between the pretest and posttest level of knowledge.

 

CONCLUSIONS:

It is concluded that the women’s had inadequacy in their knowledge in all areas of BSE Conducting motivational programme found effective in increasing knowledge of women’s.

 

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

1.   The study was confirmed to small number of subjects about 43 women and was conducted on convenient sampling in the selected area which limits the generalization of findings.

2.   A structured knowledge questionnaire was prepared for data collection, which restricts the amount of information that can be obtained from respondents.

 

RECOMMENDATIONS:

On the basis of the findings of the study following recommendations have been made:

1.     A similar study can be replicated demographic characters on a larger sample with different demographic characters.

2.     A comparative study can be conducted to find out the effectiveness of teaching program on BSE given through married women and unmarried Women.

3.     A descriptive study can be carried out to find out the barrier for non- performance of BSE among women

4.     An experiment study can be undertaken with control group.

5.     A similar can be conducted using different teaching modalities.

 

REFERENCE:

1.      National Breast Cancer Foundation. Breast self-examination. https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam 

2.      Pippin MM, Boyd R. Breast Self-Examination. 2023 Aug 17. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 33351405.

3.      International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2021). GLOBOCAN 2020: New Global Cancer Data. https://www.uicc.org/news/globocan-2020-new-global-cancer-data

4.      World health organization. international agency for research on cancer: Breast Cancer Awareness Month 2022

5.      Susan G. Komen. Breast Self-Exam (https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/screening/breast-self-exam/). Accessed 6/7/2023.

 

 

 

 

Received on 21.06.2024         Revised on 15.07.2024

Accepted on 31.07.2024         Published on 30.11.2024

Available online on December 31, 2024

A and V Pub Int. J. of Nursing and Med. Res. 2024; 3(4):149-152.

DOI: 10.52711/ijnmr.2024.34

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